Deposit Return Schemes Europe: Enhancing Recycled Metal Quality for Packaging Supply

Executive Summary: Deposit Return Schemes (DRS) across Europe are transforming beverage container collection. By incentivizing consumers to return empty metal cans, DRS dramatically increase collection rates and yield high-purity scrap. This clean, closed-loop feedstock enables packaging producers to meet circular economy goals under evolving EU regulations. As new laws (PPWR, EPR, BPA restrictions) drive higher recycled-content targets, understanding DRS effects on scrap quality, supply and pricing is critical for packaging professionals.

The Packaging Challenge: Quality Recycling and Supply Security

Europe’s packaging sector faces mounting pressure to meet ambitious recycling targets and circular economy goals. Under the new EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR) and Single-Use Plastics Directive, member states must achieve a 90% collection rate for all plastic bottles and metal cans by 2029, and ensure recycled content quotas in beverage containers [3] [2]. The PPWR, fully enforceable from August 2026, transforms old directives into binding regulation, harmonizing requirements across the EU [46]. Meanwhile, compliance with Food Contact Material (FCM) rules and bans on chemicals like bisphenol A (BPA) in can linings impose stricter quality standards on recycled metal feedstock [43].

For metal packaging manufacturers – including beverage and food can producers – this creates a dual challenge. First, they must source enough recycled aluminium and steel to meet new recycled-content mandates (and avoid potential import/export restrictions)[20]. Second, the recycled scrap must be of food-grade quality, uncontaminated and sorted by material. Under mixed waste collection, recyclate is often#### compromised by impurities (labels, liquids, non-ferrous metals) [11] [12]. Such “dirty” scrap requires additional sorting and cleaning, adding processing cost and energy. Indeed, studies show kerbside-collected aluminium can scrap is 20-30% less abundant and more contaminated than ideal for packaging production [21] [1].

At the same time, the European metal packaging market remains strong. Recent research estimates the EU metal packaging industry at ~USD 41 billion in 2025, with sustained ~2.8% annual growth through 2030 [45]. Steel and aluminium together dominate, used for cans, drums, closures and aerosols. Yet price volatility in commodities (primary aluminium and steel) and the costs of EPR fees underscore the value of reliable recycled supply. In Europe, recycling rates are already high – around 76–82% for beverage cans and steel containers [28] [18] – but not yet 100%. Any gap to full circularity poses supply risk in a market where demand is stable.

Packaging Supplies and Cost Impact: For packaging producers, the quality and quantity of scrap directly influence manufacturing costs. Clean, high-grade scrap reduces the need for costly alloys or virgin metal. In contrast, contaminated or mismatched scrap may require downgrading or blending, raising production cost. Furthermore, raw material prices fluctuate with global scrap availability. An S&P Global report warned that tight scrap supply (driven by strong Asian demand and exports) kept European secondary aluminium prices elevated into 2025 [44]. In this context, any policy or system that boosts domestic scrap collection and preserves its quality can stabilize supply – and potentially soften pricing pressures.

Regulatory Push: The EU’s newest regulations make deposit systems almost inevitable. The PPWR explicitly requires every member state to implement a deposit-return system for plastic bottles and cans by 2029 (to reach 90% collection) [3] [2]. Exemptions are limited: a country must sustain high collection by other means to opt out. Thus, by 2030 nearly all EU countries will operate DRS for beverage containers. Many have already done so, including recent launches in Ireland and Romania in 2024, Austria in 2025, and Poland in 2025 (see box: Deposit Schemes Map). At the same time, FCM regulations (EU/2023/2003 on BPA) and national laws tighten permissible substances in food-grade packaging [43]. The net result is clear: the quality of recycled metal packaging must be ensured by design, and DRS is emerging as a key solution

Deposit Return Schemes (DRS) in Europe: How They Work

A deposit return scheme (DRS) charges a small deposit on beverage containers (plastic, glass, metal) at purchase, refunded when consumers return the empties for recycling [27]. In practice, this involves reverse-vending machines (RVMs) or collection points at retail. The scheme is usually run by an independent, non-profit operator that sets the deposit value (typically €0.05–€0.25) and handling fees [42]. In Europe today, DRS are active in 18 countries and expanding. Early adopters date back to the 1980s (Sweden’s system for cans since 1984), with Germany’s 2003 reform famous for achieving ~98% return rates [41] [40]. In just the past few years, many more nations have launched schemes: Slovakia (2022), Latvia (2022), Malta (2022), Romania (2023), Hungary (2024), Ireland (2024) and others [40] [36]. Italy and Spain are also planning DRS under EU mandates, and England’s system is slated for late 2027 [39].

Key DRS features: The EU’s new PPWR and industry best practices specify core requirements. Ideally, DRS:
– Cover most single-use drinks (cans, plastic bottles) up to 3L (some exemptions below 0.1L) [38].
– Provide ample return points (every large retailer, vending machines) so consumers can easily recover the deposit [37] [36].
– Use a high enough deposit to encourage returns (€0.10–€0.25 in Europe, typically targeting >80% returns). For context, studies suggest deposits ≥€0.15 drive 85–95% return rates [35].
– Track returns via barcode or digital ID to ensure efficiency and anti-fraud.
– Reinvest unredeemed deposits into public awareness.
– Ensure cross-border compatibility: e.g. German and Luxembourg schemes allow multinational returns.

Under PPWR, states with strong alternative collection (≥80% separate collection by 2026) may delay DRS, but by 2029 all packaging operators must meet the 90% goal [34]. Existing schemes must also upgrade to PPWR minimum standards by 2035. Put simply, DRS is becoming the baseline for beverage container recovery in Europe [3] [33].

DRS vs. Curbside: Boosting Collection Rates and Purity

The most immediate impact of DRS is higher collection rates. Where curbside recycling might return 50–70% of cans and bottles, DRS regularly surpass 90%. For example, Germany’s well-managed DRS returns ~98% of cans [32], Norway ~97% of plastic bottles, and Lithuania achieved 92% across all containers within a few years of its system [26]. New schemes often jump rapidly: Malta’s 2023 DRS triggered an 80% boost in aluminium can recycling [31] [25]. Even smaller countries see sharp gains: Latvia’s DRS lifted its can recycling rate from ~60% to 74% in one year; Slovakia from 58% to 91% [30]. In contrast, national average recycling lags: the EU-27 average for aluminium beverage cans was only 61% in 2022 (beer and soft drink cans) [29] [28]. The evidence is clear: without deposit schemes, the EU’s toughest targets are nearly impossible to hit [27] [26].

Beyond quantity, DRS yields a much purer stream of recyclables. When consumers bring cans and bottles back for refunds, they are typically empty and separated by material: e.g. one machine for aluminium, another for PET. By contrast, curbside recycling often collects crushed or baled containers mixed with glass, plastics, and refuse. This common co-mingled collection means beverage cans from kerbside trucks often carry contaminants (food residues, labels, stray plastics, moisture). Technical studies show that DRS-collected scrap is “largely uncontaminated” and sorted at source, making it suitable for direct recycling into new food-grade packaging [11] [12].

The quality difference is market-proven. Recycled food-grade PET from DRS systems sells for roughly £400–£550 per tonne, about double the £180–£250/tonne for mixed kerbside PET [11]. Although that example is plastic, the principle holds for metal. DRS aluminium scrap requires less cleaning: Noramal, the world’s largest can recycler (Novelis, UK), reports that DRS aluminium needs 20% less energy to re-melt compared to kerbside-collected scrap [1]. In practical terms, packaging producers feed DRS scrap directly into high-grade rolling mills. Less sorting means higher yield of prime ingot, avoiding downgrades. This “food-grade closed loop” capability is a key promise: with pure streams, breweries and canned-food makers can use higher recycled content (even close to 100% post-consumer material) while ensuring safety [25] [24].

In summary, DRS addresses the core challenge of packaging recyclers: achieving quantity with quality. It plugs in directly to packaging supply: clean metal scrap flows from retail returns into can production. And by dramatically increasing volume collected (especially on-the-go consumption), DRS reduces litter and the loss of recyclable material. The environmental benefit is also notable – European Aluminium estimates the 2023 record 76% can recycling saved 5.7 Mt CO₂ (the annual emissions of a city like Lyon) [23].

Implications for Packaging Supply and Pricing

Recycled Metal Supply: For packaging manufacturers, DRS expands the feedstock pool. More empty cans in RVMs means more collected scrap to sell. This enhances supply security in a market where scrap has become contested. In recent years Europe saw some scrapping tighten: large volumes exported to Asia kept domestic shortages and prices high [22] [21]. With DRS, at least the beverage-cans portion of scrap is reliably captured domestically. Even if some collected scrap is eventually exported, the ability to easily get back high-grade cans helps European producers. Indeed, industry analysts highlight that better scrap collection (via DRS) combined with export limits (discussed by policymakers) is essential for a closed-loop can sector [20]. European Aluminium has called for fairer scrap flows, such as export fees to keep material in Europe [20]. Whether or not such measures materialize, DRS makes a critical feedstock – empty cans – consistently available.

Recycled Content & Policy Goals: The PPWR and EU Green Deal now assign recycled-content targets to beverage producers. Under PPWR, EU beverage makers must incorporate an average of 25–30% recycled plastic by 2030, rising to 65% by 2040 [19]. While these numbers specifically cite plastics, a similar ethos applies to metal. Steel for Packaging Europe and Metal Packaging Europe support lofty European goals (e.g., can-to-can recycling by 2050) and see DRS as the enabler. As DRS diffuses, manufacturers can pledge higher recycled aluminium use, knowing feedstock will be available and food-safe. For steel cans (used in soups, vegetables), which already have high recycling ~82% in 2023[18], better segregation of beverage steel cans (if ever included) could free up mill capacity for food cans.

Cost and Pricing: In theory, increasing the scrap supply could exert downward pressure or stabilize scrap prices, benefiting packagers. However, global factors are strong. Currently the EU faces high secondary-aluminium prices due to Asian demand and export** [17] [16]. DRS will primarily affect domestic collection, not global scrap flows. Still, for each collected unit, DRS ensures it stays in the recycling loop. Over time, the increased volume of reusable scrap might mitigate some pressure.

At the very least, DRS improves overall economics. The scheme’s revenue stream (unredeemed deposits) partly subsidizes infrastructure, but producers also face DRS fees. In the UK model, brand owners will pay handling and registration fees (~1–3p per container) in addition to the deposit [15]. Some of these costs may filter into the price of beverage packaging. However, any cost increase is balanced by the benefit of meeting regulations cost-effectively. Rather than paying penalties for missing targets (e.g. modulated EPR fees for not using enough recycled content), companies can use DRS scrap to comply. Moreover, high-quality scrap is cheaper to process: Novelis’ finding of 20% lower energy means roughly 20% lower input cost per tonne of high-grade scrap. Processors may pass such savings on in the long term.

Finally, consider market signals. Packaging materials cost is partly tied to commodity markets and policy. If scrap remains scarce, primary aluminium (priced by LME) and steel remain drivers of cost. But as DRS ramps up and PPWR kicks in, the increased flow of recyclates is likely to reduce volatility. Packaging buyers might hedge less on unpredictable scrap and more on DRS system parameters (e.g., handling fees). Insurers and investors are also signaling that packaging firms aligned with circular policies will have better risk profiles. In short, DRS should sharpen cost control rather than inflate prices, protecting both supply and profitability.

Comparative Options: DRS, Curbside and Reuse

Packaging professionals must evaluate all collection and reuse strategies. Deposit systems are not a standalone panacea but part of a mix. Here’s how DRS stacks up against alternatives:

• Curbside Recycling (Kerbside): Most EU households separate recyclables for municipal collection. Strengths: wide reach, existing infrastructure, covers all pack types (bottles, jars, cartons, metal cans). Weaknesses: Crushed and co-mingled streams lead to lower purity and loss (crushed glass shards on cans, etc.). Collection rates plateau below 80% for cans in most EU countries. Quality can be insufficient for food-grade reuse, especially for small or coated cans.
• Deposit Return Schemes (DRS): Designed for beverage containers. Strengths: Very high return rates (often >90%), excellent purity, and direct link to new production (“clean loop”). Encourages return of on-the-go packaging (a difficult segment for curbside). Weaknesses: Initial setup cost (RVMs, IT), need retailer participation, possible consumer confusion during roll-outs. Limited to defined pack types (mostly drinks).
• Commercial/Industry Take-Back: Some beverage companies run direct-incentive programs or in-store collection points as voluntary schemes. This can achieve partial duplication of DRS benefits but on a small scale. Often less efficient than mandated DRS.
• Reuse Systems: Reuseable packaging (bottles, kegs, refillable containers) completely avoids waste and recycling issues. However, it requires significant consumer and retailer change (reverse logistics, cleaning). EU targets (10–25% reuse by 2030) acknowledge this, but on-the-go drinks (which mainly use single-use containers) especially need deposit-type solutions. Reuse for standard products (e.g. milk, detergents) is growing, but it cannot replace the massive volume of single-use cans. In practice, DRS and reuse work in parallel – e.g., RVMs can accept both one-way and returnable bottles [14] [13].

A comparison table might summarize key criteria:

By these criteria, DRS is generally the most effective method for ensuring high-quality recycled metal from cans and bottles. It complements rather than replaces curbside: after launch, large retailers’ bins collect fewer cans (they go to the DRS network), allowing utilities to focus on remaining streams (cartons, non-beverage plastic, etc.). For example, in the UK modeling, kerbside can volumes are expected to drop 40-55% once DRS matures [10], easing curbside contamination issues.

That said, DRS implementation brings trade-offs. Local governments may see lost recycling revenue (shift in their material value) [9] [8], and the system requires consumer re-education. As with any major policy, risks of fraud and rollout delays exist. For packaging companies, the key is to engage early with scheme design (setting deposit levels, material definitions) and adapt logistics (labelling, distribution) to align with DRS rules [7] [6].

How Packaging Companies Can Prepare

With DRS becoming standard across Europe by 2029, packaging professionals should act now to stay ahead. Here are steps and considerations:

• Audit your portfolio: Identify which of your products fall under DRS (typically single-use beverages, including cans up to 3L) and which are outside. Check deposit values in each market. Ensure pack designs are DRS-compliant (e.g. clear labels, barcode placement).
• Engage in scheme design: Where deposit management organizations (DMOs) or governments consult on rules (infrastructure, return points, beverage categories), participate. Packaging teams can provide input on label scans, deposit marking, and handling logistics.
• Adapt supply agreements: If you use recycled content (e.g. in can linings or lids), negotiate contracts that reflect the expected increase in DRS scrap. Secure fixed volumes of food-grade scrap early, possibly investing in contract recycling. For instance, large beverage can makers might strike deals with recyclers like Novelis or re-melters to reserve DRS feedstock.
• Design for recycling: Even outside DRS scope, ensure all packaging is easily recyclable or reusable per PPWR (e.g. avoid mixed materials in non-drink packaging). This broad compliance will mitigate any DRS unintended workloads.
• Communicate and educate: Prepare marketing and labeling to reflect DRS charge. Inform consumers/customer about deposit reclaim, possibly using it as a sustainability message. Highlight your use of high-quality recycled metal as a green advantage.
• Financial modeling: Quantify the net impact on costs. Include the deposit float (initial working capital from deposits paid out and collected), unredeemed deposit income, EPR fee savings (for extra recycling), and any handling fees you pay. Estimates from other markets can guide this (e.g. UK models foresee £300-500M unredeemed deposit in first year)[5].
• Monitor pilot results: Use data from early DRS launches (like Scotland’s 78% return rate in Y1)[4] to adjust expectations. Early challenges are expected, so have contingency plans (e.g. alternate waste streams) during ramp-up.

By proactively integrating DRS into their sustainability strategy, packaging suppliers can turn regulatory challenge into advantage. Those who secure DRS-quality recyclate, and use it to deliver high recycled-content metal products, will likely enjoy a market edge as brands and consumers demand greener packaging.

Key Takeaways

• High Collection, High Quality: DRS drastically boost collection rates (often >90%) and deliver near-pristine scrap, enabling closed-loop metal recycling.
• Regulatory Driver: EU’s new packaging law (PPWR) mandates DRS for beverage cans across Member States by 2029, aligning with recycled-content targets (90%+ collection) [3] [2].
• Industry Impact: More clean recycled aluminium and steel from DRS provide feedstock security for can makers, potentially stabilizing material costs. Novelis reports 20% energy savings using DRS aluminium vs. curbside scrap [1].
• Cost Considerations: Beverage producers will bear some DRS costs (handling, labelling, deposits), but benefit by meeting targets and reducing contamination costs.
• Strategic Response: Packaging companies should prepare by auditing packaging portfolios, engaging in DRS design, and securing DRS-grade scrap supply now. Those optimizing for DRS will be best positioned to compete under the EU’s circular economy rules.

Call to Action: To compare available deposit-return solutions or get expert advice on aligning your packaging strategy with DRS requirements and cost implications, contact our consultants or download our comprehensive guide. Ensure your metal packaging stays compliant, sustainable and cost-effective as Europe moves to full container deposit implementation.

References

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[39] www.tomra.com – https://www.tomra.com/en-gb/reverse-vending/media-center/feature-articles/deposit-return-schemes-europe#:~:text=2025,also%20aiming%20for%20DRS%20implementation
[40] www.tomra.com – https://www.tomra.com/en-gb/reverse-vending/media-center/feature-articles/deposit-return-schemes-europe#:~:text=Recent%20trends%20in%20Europe%E2%80%99s%20deposit,return%20schemes
[41] www.tomra.com – https://www.tomra.com/en-gb/reverse-vending/media-center/feature-articles/deposit-return-schemes-europe#:~:text=future%20schemes%2C%20demonstrating%20the%20feasibility,packaging%20waste%2C%20and%20litter%20prevention
[42] www.tomra.com – https://www.tomra.com/reverse-vending/media-center/feature-articles/packaging-waste-regulation-ppwr-deposit-return-schemes#:~:text=The%20minimum%20requirements%20for%20DRSs,out%20in%20the%20PPWR%20include
[43] 2025 regulatory and waste management updates from Europe | Food Packaging Forum – https://foodpackagingforum.org/news/2025-regulatory-and-waste-management-updates-from-europe#:~:text=On%20June%202%2C%202025%2C%20the,FPF%20%2020
[44] www.spglobal.com – https://www.spglobal.com/commodity-insights/en/news-research/latest-news/metals/010925-commodities-2025-eu-aluminum-secondary-alloy-outlook-cloudy-on-poor-economic-climate#:~:text=Lackluster%20demand%20and%20overcapacity%20in,large%20volumes%20headed%20to%20Asia
[45] Europe Metal Packaging Market Size & Growth to 2030 – https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/europe-metal-packaging-market#:~:text=The%20Europe%20Metal%20Packaging%20Market,15%20Billion%20by%202030
[46] www.tomra.com – https://www.tomra.com/reverse-vending/media-center/feature-articles/packaging-waste-regulation-ppwr-deposit-return-schemes#:~:text=Collection%20targets